Z is for Zenith…or maybe not
quite.
Theme: Ancient Roman Scotland during the Flavian era
When I looked at my choices for
the letter Z, I could only see myself using the following – zap; zealous;
zone; zenith. I’m going to sneak in all of them but focus on zenith.
Zenith:
1) The point on the celestial
sphere vertically above an observer.
2) The highest point, peak, acme: the zenith of someone’s achievements
Z is definitely a tough letter to
tackle but I’m going to aim for the almost unknown as I finish off this
wonderful #A2ZChallenge2019. I’ve managed to keep to my intended theme of
Ancient Roman Scotland during the Flavian
era all the way through, so for this last post I’ll look at what
General
Gnaeus Iulius Agricola achieved in
#Caledonia. What was
his zenith?
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General Agricola
Wikimedia Commons |
What was the highest peak of his
achievements?
Even after a lot of studying of
this era, I am not actually sure. I don’t believe anyone can be sure till more
evidence is uncovered.
The almost unknown part is that
we don’t really know what Agricola personally achieved in #Caledonia.
We mainly have Cornelius Tacitus’ words to refer to. As far as I know, there is
no back-up reference by anyone else writing at that same time who actually corroborates
the vague comments that Tacitus wrote.
Tacitus mentions that his father-in-law
General Agricola was a military man who led his men during the campaign, was at the front of the
marching line (perhaps not always literally) and liked to
choose his next encampment site. That part I’m sure would maybe have been slight exaggeration since a commander would have been absorbing information from forward
scouts on the terrain that lay ahead of the armies. The site engineer would
also have been assessing the land to ensure all criteria were met before the
camp engineers began the marking out of the perimeter.
I can, however, see an
experienced general like Agricola giving his stamp of approval in general terms
about the suitability of a possible site.
If, for example, he was entering a narrow valley floor where it was instantly
easy to see that defence would have been virtually impossible, then I could see
him doing an immediate zap of it. And
when a suitable situation, visibly well-able to be defended, presented itself
after a decent day’s march then I’m sure Agricola was more than capable of
doing that kind of ‘choosing’. Tacitus may have been telling everyone that Agricola was a perfectionist who was sufficiently zealous enough to want to be on top of all decision making.
But was Agricola actually the first general to invade southern and central Caledonia? Was Tacitus giving more acclaim to Agricola than the man actually deserved?
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P.P. Statius
Wikimedia Commons |
The poet Publius Papinius Statius was relatively contemporary to Tacitus and Agricola. However, Statius’ advice (in the poem Silvae) to Vettius Crispinus, about following the great example of Crispinus’ father – Vettius Bolanus – sheds a different light on who actually invaded parts of Caledonia first. The possibility that Bolanus was the first Roman Governor of Britannia to invade southern and perhaps even central Caledonia is enhanced by the results of more recent archaeological dating. Some Dendrochronology dates for southern Caledonia fort locations indicate an initial building programme during the early 70s, rather than during Agricola’s governorship of c. A.D. 77-84. Those invasions could then have been during the governorships of Bolanus (A.D. 69-71) and his successor Quintus Petillius Cerialis (A.D. 71-74).
What I really like to keep in
mind is that although General Agricola was not Governor of Britannia during the period of
A.D. 71-74, he was Legatus of the Legio XX. It’s known that while Cerialis
was campaigning in eastern Brigantia (North Yorkshire/ Northumberland), Agricola was striding forward and
subduing the western zones of
Brigantia (Cumbria/ North-West Yorkshire). The troops who then invaded southern and central Scotland, may have been under the overall
command of Governor Cerialis but some of them were
probably under the direct command of Agricola if they were men of Legio XX , or vexillations attached to that legion.
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| Wikimedia Commons |
Was that then Agricola’s zenith? I doubt it since invasion continued beyond central Scotland. The
wooden forts in the zone of the River Tay (Gask Ridge/ Highland Line? ) may, or may not have been initially built by Agricola. Some historians favour the notion that there had been some action in those areas during the early 70s, organised by Bolanus or Cerialis, and that the earliest forts result from those forays. Did Agricola arrange the building of them? The answer might be yes, but when he was Legate of Legio XX.
Julius Sextus Frontinus, according to Tacitus, was very busy during his 3 to 4 year tenure as Governor of Britannia (c. A.D 74-77) in subduing the tribes of 'Wales'. That may indeed have been a priority for Frontinus but it seems unlikely that all Roman military action would have been completely suspended in the north. Perhaps the most basic presence maintained some sort of stability in the northern zones where fort building had taken place? Though as with Agricola in the early 80s, it may very well have depended on how many troops Frontinus had to command.
It's worth mentioning that during the tenure of Frontinus as Governor of Britannia, Agricola was likely to have been elsewhere. He was appointed Governor of Gallia Aquitania (France) at this time. The lack of determined and zealous invasion in Caledonia during those few years may have been because there was no military commander experienced enough to ensure that a further expansion into northern Caledonia (beyond the Tay) would have been successful.
A huge problem with theorising like this is how to deal with the fact that when Agricola returned to Britannia as Governor and Commander of the legions it took him from c. A.D. 77 to A.D. 83/84 to push as far north as the Moray Firth. If there was already military presence of any degree in central Caledonia, why did it take so long for him to get to the far north? Was it because he was indeed so zealous, such a perfectionist that only absolute capitulation of everything to the south of where he currently was, was good enough for him? Did he have a lot more engagement with the local tribes of Caledonia which meant his progress was slower than Tacitus wanted to include in his Agricola? Given that Agricola was in charge of the rest of the island of Britannia, did he have issues there that took a lot of time and energy away from his invasions of the far north-east? It's known that he was given a judicial legate to help him with the workload of running all civic and military aspects in Britannia so his responsibilities were considerable. It must have needed a lot of time and huge effort during his longer-than-average tenure as governor to ensure the most smooth-running progress in all areas.
Whatever the answers to the timescale and the actual events of the invasion of Caledonia, it's evident that thousands of Agricolan soldiers marched onwards to the Moray Firth area, though only creating temporary camps rather than wooden forts.
While I was writing Agricola’s
Bane, Book 4 of my Celtic Fervour
Series clan saga, I tried really hard to get into the mind set of General Agricola
as he shivered in a Caledonian early winter. In an academic paper on climate
studies, I read that the climate of ‘Caledonia’
2000 years ago would not have been vastly different from it is now. The atmospheric conditions which can affect our Scottish weather patterns
today may well have been somewhat similar and just as responsible for creating mercurial weather back then. While today we accept the scientific reasons for changeable weather, Agricola really would have been likely to have blamed the god Mercury for the unpredictable conditions he was enduring!
It’s thought there was an
Agricolan presence at one, or both, of the encampments named Auchinhove and its larger much larger neighbour Muiryfold. If Agricola was encamped at either one then marching his armies to almost the Moray Coast of Scotland was quite an
achievement, yet I don’t think that was his ultimate aim or the zenith of his career. To
conquer the whole of Caledonia and thus the whole of the island
of Britannia would have meant a bit
more campaigning, time that he wasn’t given since it seems he was recalled to Rome. After campaigns
spanning the best part of seven years it would be reasonable to think that a zealous invader like Agricola would
have been shocked to the core to realise his ultimate ambition wasn’t going to come to
fruition. Archaeological digs in Aberdeenshire have produced sufficient ground
evidence to be sure of Roman presence there, but the land north of the Moray Firth has not produced similar crop markings. Of course, the lack of evidence from aerial
photography north of Inverness doesn’t mean Agricolan troops never visited the area – it’s
currently just that there’s no evidence.
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| Cornelius Tacitus Wikimedia Commons |
Tacitus wrote an interesting phrase that went something like: Agricola held the whole of Caledonia in his hands but then it was let go. In the translations that I've read, Tacitus does not say 'Agricola let it go'. The zenith of Agricolan
achievement, the climax of his Roman army campaigns, would have been the
capitulation of every local person on Caledon
soil. Sadly for Roman Empire expansion, I don't quite think that Agricola made his zenith...
Speaking as a born and bred zealous Scot, I'm not sad at all that the country of my birth remained less influenced by the Roman legacy compared to some other countries.
But... if you've been following my blog posts this past April 2019, you'll have noticed that I'm definitely fascinated that Agricola (Rome) came and then went away again!
Do you think that Agricola reached his zenith?
Thank you for reading my April #A2ZChallenge posts. If you have any questions on any of the topics, pop them into the comments box!
Slainthe!
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Agricola_at_Bath.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Publio_Papinio_Stazio.png
